MonoidOperation


Category: functors	Component type: concept

Description

A Monoid Operation is a special sort of Binary Function. A Binary Function must satisfy three conditions in order to be a Monoid Operation. First, its first argument type and second argument type must be the same, and its result type must be the same as its argument type. Second, there must be an identity element. Third, the operation must be associative. Examples of Monoid Operations are addition and multiplication. [1]

Refinement of

Binary Function

Associated types

Argument type

The type of the Monoid Operation's first argument and second argument, and also the type returned when the Monoid Operation is returned.

Notation

`F`	A type that is a model of MonoidOperation
`T`	`F`'s argument type.
`f`	Object of type `F`
`x`, `y`, `z`	Objects of type `T`

Definitions

A type F that is a model of binary function is associative if F's first argument type, second argument type, and result type are the same, and if, for every object f of type F and for every objects x, y, and z of F's argument type, f(x, f(y, z)) is the same as f(f(x, y), z). [2]

Valid Expressions

In addition to the expressions described in the Binary Function requirements, the following expressions must be valid.

Name	Expression	Type requirements	Return type
Function call	`f(x, y)`		`T`
Identity element	`identity_element(f)` [3]		`T`

Expression semantics

Name	Expression	Precondition	Semantics	Postcondition
Function call	`f(x, y)`	`x` and `y` are in the domain of `f`.	Calls `f` with `x` and `y` as arguments.
Identity element	`identity_element(f)`		Returns the monoid's identity element. That is, the return value is a value `id` of type `T` such that, for all `x` in the domain of `f`, `f(x, id)` and `f(id, x)` both return `x`.

Complexity guarantees

Invariants

Associativity	For any `x`, `y`, and `z` of type `T`, `f(x, f(y, z))` and `f(f(x, y), z)` return the same value. [4]
Identity element.	There exists some element `id` of type `T` such that, for all `x` of type `T`, `f(x, id)` and `f(id, x)` both return `x`. The expression `identity_element(f)` returns `id`.

Models

plus<int>
multiplies<double>

Notes

[1] A monoid is one of three closely related algebraic structures. A semigroup is a set S, and a binary operation *, with the properties that * is closed on S (that is, if x and y are elements of S then x * y is also a member of S) and that * is associative (that is, if x, y, and z are elements of S, then x * (y * z) = (x * y) * z). A monoid is a semigroup that has an identity element. That is, there exists some element id such that, for all x in S, x * id = id * x = x. Finally, a group is a monoid with the property that every element has an inverse. That is, for every x in S, there exists an element xi such that x * xi = xi * x = id. As an example, the set of real numbers under multiplication is a monoid (the identity element is 1), but it isn't a group. It isn't a group because 0 has no inverse.

[2] Mathematics textbooks typically write this as an equation, instead of using words like "is the same as". We can't use equality in this definition, however, because F's argument type might not be equality comparable. If F's argument typeis equality comparable, however, then these two expression are expected to be equal: the condition of associativity becomes f(x, f(y, z)) == f(f(x, y), z)

[3] This is implemented as an overloaded function. The function identity_element is defined, in function.h, for arguments of type plus<T> and multiplies<T>. If you define a new Monoid Operation F (matrix multiplication, for example), you must overload identity_element for arguments of type F.

[4] Associativity is not the same as commutativity. That is, the requirement that x * (y * z) == (x * y) * z is completely unrelated to the requirement that x * y == y * x. Monoid operations are required to be associative, but they are not required to be commutative. As an example, square matrices under multiplication form a monoid even though matrix multiplication is not commutative.